The document converter library auto-detects source document format and gives you all the control to convert either the whole document or specific pages to the desired output format. It’s easier to replace missing fonts with preferred ones and add text or image watermarks to any document page. C is a middle-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs. C runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX. This C tutorial adopts a simple and practical approach to describe the concepts of C for beginners to advanded software engineers.
Jan 19, 2012 Convert + to%2B in a string PHP. So I have been debugging a script and a lot of the data being passed into it contained this symbol: '+'. I discovered that if I changed it to%2B that it worked. I know this must be sort of a very basic question but after poking around the PHP documentation, I couldn't find a solution.
First, two big things--the main function and how to compile it, followed bylots of little differences.
main function
C++
Java
Compiling
C++
Java
Comments
Same in both languages (// and /* */ both work)
Class declarations
Almost the same, but Java does not require a semicolon
C++
Java
Method declarations
Same, except that in Java, must always be part of a class, and may prefix withpublic/private/protected
Constructors and destructors
Constructor has same syntax in both (name of the class), Java has no exactequivalent of the destructor
Static member functions and variables
Same as method declarations, but Java provides
static initializationblocks to initialize static variables (instead of putting a definition ina source code file):
Scoping static methods and namespaces
C++
If you have a class and wish to refer to a static method, you use the form Class::method.
Java
All scoping in Java uses the . again, just like accessing fields of a class, so it's a bit more regular:
Object declarations
C++
Java
Accessing fields of objects
C++
If you're using a stack-based object, you access its fields with a dot:But you use the arrow operator (->) to access fields of a class when working with a pointer:
Java
You always work with references (which are similar to pointers--see the next section), so you always use a dot:
References vs. pointers
C++
Java
Inheritance
C++
Java
Protection levels (abstraction barriers)
C++
Java
Virtual functions
C++
Java
Abstract classes
C++
Java
Memory management
Roughly the same--
new allocates, but no
delete in Java since ithas garbage collection.
NULL vs. null
C++
Java
Booleans
Java is a bit more verbose: you must write boolean instead of merely bool.
C++
Java
Const-ness
C++
Java
Throw Spec
First, Java enforce throw specs at compile time--you must document if yourmethod can throw an exception
C++
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Java
Arrays
C++
Java
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Collections and Iteration
C++
Iterators are members of classes. The start of a range is <container>.begin(), and the end is <container>.end(). Advance using ++ operator, and access using *.
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Java
Iterator is just an interface. The start of the range is <collection>.iterator, and you check to see if you're at the end with itr.hasNext(). You get the next element using itr.next() (a combination of using ++ and * in C++).
Templates
This is still being to be added. See http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5/pdf/generics-tutorial.pdf for a good introduction.
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